|
Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. Studies in the field stretch back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after observing networks formed across several countries. It wasn't until after the development of the computer in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved. Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events that illuminate, and are explained by the science of meteorology. Those events are bound by the variables of Earth's atmosphere: temperature, air pressure, water vapor, and the gradients and interactions of each variable, and how they change over time. Different spatial scales are studied to determine how systems on local, regional, and global levels impact weather and climatology. Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology compose the interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. Interactions between Earth's atmosphere and the oceans are part of coupled ocean-atmosphere studies. Meteorology has application in many diverse fields such as the military, energy production, transport, agriculture and construction. The word "meteorology" is from Greek ''metéōros'' "lofty; high (in the sky)" (from ''meta-'' "above" and ''aeiro'' "I lift up") and ''-logia'' "-(o)logy", i.e. "the study of things in the air". ==History== (詳細はIndia, as the Upanishads contain serious discussion about the processes of cloud formation and rain and the seasonal cycles caused by the movement of earth around the sun. Varāhamihira's classical work ''Brihatsamhita'', written about 500 AD,〔 provides clear evidence that a deep knowledge of atmospheric processes existed even in those times. In 350 BC, Aristotle wrote ''Meteorology''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=meteorology: Introduction )〕 Aristotle is considered the founder of meteorology.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=94.05.01: Meteorology )〕 One of the most impressive achievements described in the ''Meteorology'' is the description of what is now known as the hydrologic cycle. The book De Mundo (composed before 250 BC or between 350 and 200 BC) noted :If the flashing body is set on fire and rushes violently to the earth it is called a thunderbolt; if it be only half of fire, but violent also and massive, it is called a ''meteor''; if it is entirely free from fire, it is called a smoking bolt. They are all called 'swooping bolts', because they swoop down upon the earth. Lightning is sometimes smoky, and is then called 'smouldering lightning"; sometimes it darts quickly along, and is then said to be ''vivid''. At other times, it travels in crooked lines, and is called ''forked lightning''. When it swoops down upon some object it is called 'swooping lightning'. The Greek scientist Theophrastus compiled a book on weather forecasting, called the ''Book of Signs''. The work of Theophrastus remained a dominant influence in the study of weather and in weather forecasting for nearly 2,000 years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Weather )〕 In 25 AD, Pomponius Mela, a geographer for the Roman Empire, formalized the climatic zone system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Timeline of geography, paleontology )〕 According to Toufic Fahd, around the 9th century, Al-Dinawari wrote the ''Kitab al-Nabat'' (''Book of Plants''), in which he deals with the application of meteorology to agriculture during the Muslim Agricultural Revolution. He describes the meteorological character of the sky, the planets and constellations, the sun and moon, the lunar phases indicating seasons and rain, the ''anwa'' (heavenly bodies of rain), and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, floods, valleys, rivers, lakes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Meteorology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|